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Ofcom issues framework for Direct-to-Device (D2D) services in the UK

9 December 20253 min read
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Ofcom issues framework for Direct-to-Device (D2D) services in the UK

Following a public consultation, Ofcom has announced its decision to enable Direct-to-Device (D2D) satellite services in the UK ahead of the World Radiocommunication Conference 2027 (WRC-27). This proactive move reflects Ofcom’s assessment that D2D connectivity could deliver significant benefits to UK consumers and businesses, particularly in rural and coastal areas. 

techUK contributed to this consultation based on member feedback and the Networks convergence position paper, exploring use cases and challenges for service delivery reliant on both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. 

 

Unlocking the Potential of D2D Connectivity 

As outlined in the consultation, Ofcom identified three key benefits of D2D services: 

  • Extended Coverage: D2D could provide voice, messaging, and data services beyond the reach of terrestrial networks, potentially enabling ubiquitous outdoor coverage across 100% of the UK landmass as satellite constellations expand and technology matures. 

  • Network Resilience: These services could offer backup coverage during power outages or terrestrial network failures caused by natural disasters or extreme weather events. 

  • Enhanced Emergency Access: D2D connectivity could improve access to emergency services, including 999 calls, in areas where terrestrial coverage is unavailable. 

To ensure timely access to these benefits, Ofcom has opted to implement an authorisation framework now, with a review planned after WRC-27. 

 

Key Decisions from Ofcom 

Ofcom’s final framework includes several important decisions: 

  1. D2D operation will be permitted in all Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Supplementary Downlink (SDL) mobile bands below 3 GHz, including 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1400 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2.1 GHz, and 2.6 GHz. 

  1. Aggregate Power Flux Density (PFD) limits will apply to protect existing services, alongside a minimum satellite elevation angle of 10 degrees to ensure coverage without increasing interference risks. 

  1. A new condition will safeguard Air Traffic Control radars operating in 2.7–3.1 GHz, requiring D2D providers to manage out-of-band emissions and share interference thresholds between terrestrial and satellite services. 

  1. D2D services must not cause harmful interference and cannot claim protection from interference, aligning with international regulations. 

 

MNOs can now submit licence variation requests to Ofcom, including details on frequencies, commercial agreements with satellite operators, trial results, and coordination plans. Once the first variation is approved, Ofcom will finalise and enforce the Wireless Telegraphy (Direct to Device Satellite Communications) (Exemption) Regulations, expected to come into force three weeks later. 

 

Two Part Authorisation Framework 

Following consultations in March and September 2025, Ofcom has confirmed a two-part authorisation framework: 

  1. Creating a discretionary licence exemption for mobile handsets and other SIM enabled devices that connect to D2D services; and   

  1. Inviting any MNO that plans to make D2D services available via its spectrum to make a request to Ofcom to vary the existing wireless telegraphy licence(s) relating to the band(s) proposed for use for D2D services.   

 

For the regulator, this approach is fair, efficient to implement, and does not introduce new fees for mobile or satellite operators. The framework is designed to be proportionate to the risks of harmful interference while offering flexibility for operators. 

A key strength of this approach is its enforceability. By varying existing licences, Ofcom would be able to ensure that MNOs can manage interference directly by controlling SIM access and disabling D2D connectivity if needed. This gives MNOs the ability to swiftly respond to issues without relying on third parties. 

The framework also allows MNOs to change or end partnerships with satellite operators with minimal disruption. If a partnership ends, the MNO remains responsible for compliance but can block SIM access and request licence changes to remove obligations. Once these steps are taken, the satellite operator would no longer be authorised to use the MNO’s spectrum. 

To manage interference risks, MNOs will be required to enter contracts with satellite operators that set limits on power and transmission characteristics. These conditions give Ofcom additional oversight to ensure the combined system operates without causing harmful interference. 

 

Next steps from WRC-27 

This decision marks a significant step toward enabling innovative satellite connectivity solutions in the UK. Ofcom plans to review this framework after the World Radiocommunication Conference in 2027 (WRC-27), where global standards for D2D will be discussed. In the meantime, these decisions pave the way for improved connectivity, resilience, and emergency access across the UK, supporting economic growth and innovation.